Association of body dysmorphic disorder with anxiety, depression, and stress among university students

Abstract

Objectives: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and identify its association with depression, anxiety, and stress. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Jeddah, KSA. In 2019, a validated questionnaire with items on sociodemographic characteristics and body dysmorphic disorder, as well as the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale – 21 items (DASS 21) was distributed to 1,112 students of King Abdulaziz University. SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis, which included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression models. The association was presented as an odds ratio (OR) along with its 95% confidence Interval (CI). Results: The overall prevalence of BDD was 13.9% (95% CI of 11.8–16.2.) with the highest reported sites being the skin (81.6%) and waist (68.8%). BDD was found to be a significant predictor of depression with an OR of 4.2 (95% CI 2.9–6.1), anxiety OR of 2.2 (95%1.6–3.2), and stress OR of 3.2 (2.2–4.7). Females were significantly associated with anxiety, OR of 1.4 (95% CI 1.1–1.9) and stress, OR of 1.5 (1.1–2). Affiliation to the administration, arts, humanities, and social colleges was also a significant predictor of anxiety as reflected by an OR of 1.4 (95% CI 1.1–1.8). Conclusions: Our study shows that BDD is relatively common among university students in Jeddah and associated with depression, anxiety, and stress.