Obesity, neural tube defects and folic acid---A complex relationship

Abstract

Obesity, neural tube defects and folic acid---A complex relationship Gideon Koren1, *, Yusuf C Kaplan2,3 1Head of Pharmacology, Adelson school of medicine, Ariel University, and Director, Motherisk International, 40700 Ariel, Israel 2 Terafar-Izmir Katip Celebi University Teratology Information, Training and Research Center, 35620 Izmir, Turkey 3 Izmir University of Economics Faculty of Medicine, 35330 Izmir, Turkey *Correspondence: gidiup_2000@yahoo.com (Gideon Koren) DOI:10.31083/j.ceog.2021.02.2304 This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Submitted: 23 September 2020 Revised: 08 November 2020 Accepted: 09 December 2020 Published: 15 April 2021 Obesity is associated with twofold increased risk of neural tube defects (NTD). Research has repeatedly shown that about 70% of NTD are folic-acid dependent. Yet, there is controversy whether folic acid status is the main determinant of the increased risk of obesityinduced NTD. The rational for this review is to update and discuss the evidence on the link between obesity, folic acid and NTD, in an attempt to shed light on the question whether optimal folic acid dose schedule can mitigate this risk. During pregnancy maternal folate requirements increase by 5--10-fold, as folate is diverted towards the placenta and fetus, as well as supporting diȞferent maternal organs. Correspondingly, low maternal folate status has been associated with birth defects in fetal anatomical regions particularly sensitive to reduced folate intake including oral cleȻt, cardiovascular defects and NTD. A recent study has documented decreased placental folate transporter expression and activity in the first and second trimesters among obese mothers. This may explain the higher incidence on NTD in infants of obese women, as less folate may find its way to the developing fetus during the sensitive periods for creating NTD. Recent pharmacokinetic results indicate that steady state levels of folate are almost perfectly defined by the dose per lean body weight (LBW). The mean dose per kg LBW that would be expected to result in steady state serum folate level of > 15.9 nmol/L was identified as 0.0073 mg/kg LBW. A large study found no diȞferences in dietary supplementations of folic acid, yet obese women exhibited lower median serum folate as well as lower mean serum B12 levels, but no diȞferences in mean RBC folate levels. There was a negative correlation between increasing BMI and both serum folate and plasma B12. Future research will be needed to incorporate more fully, in addition to evidence of NTD, obesity and folic acid intake, also direct measurements of serum and RBC folate, as well as other confounders, in order to create a model that will shed light on these complex interactions. Keywords Obesity; Pregnancy; Folic acid; Neural tube defects; Spina bifida; Congenital abnormalities