Standardizing Cordia sinensis Lam. Stems: Microscopic Analysis and TLC Fingerprinting of Phenolics and Flavonoids

Abstract

Introduction: Cordia sinensis Lam., also known synonymously as Cordia rothii, is a small tree from the Boraginaceae family, widely recognized for its therapeutic value in traditional medicine. Although parts like the fruit, bark, leaves, and seeds have been extensively studied; comprehensive pharmacognostic investigations of the stem remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to conduct a detailed microscopic evaluation of Cordia sinensis Lam. stems, establish quality parameters, and perform Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) profiling to identify flavonoids and phenolics. Methods: Authenticated stem samples of Cordia sinensis Lam. underwent thorough pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and phytochemical analyses following established protocols. Additionally, TLC was performed using both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the stem to detect flavonoids and phenolics. Results: Key microscopic features identified included well-differentiated cork, phellogen, xylem fibers, medullary rays, calcium oxalate crystals, and various wood elements. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and steroids. The TLC profile further revealed distinct bands, indicating the presence of flavonoids and phenolics, with clear visualization under visible light, UV light at 254 nm, and 366 nm. Conclusion: These findings contribute valuable data for the standardization and quality control of Cordia sinensis Lam. stems in herbal medicine applications.