Maternal Factors Influencing Low Birth Weight in Newborns: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Background: Birth weight is a critical indicator of an infant's health. Research conducted in Indonesia has identified low birth weight (LBW) as a leading cause of neonatal mortality, accounting for approximately 35% of all cases. This study aims to determine the factors influencing the incidence of LBW. Method: The study used a retrospective design and included 83 respondents selected through quota sampling. Data were collected from the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) handbooks at Manggis Integrated Service Post (posyandu). Univariate analysis was performed to calculate frequency and percentage values. Bivariate analysis was carried out using the chi-squared test to examine relationships between variables. Multivariate analysis was conducted using the logistic regression test to assess the influence of multiple variables. Result: Maternal age at pregnancy (p=0.037) and maternal mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) (p=0.034) were significantly associated with the occurrence of LBW in newborns. The odds ratio (OR) analysis revealed MUAC as the primary factor influencing LBW (OR=4.278), followed by maternal age during pregnancy (OR = 3.750). In comparison, haemoglobin levels (p = 0.500), maternal height (p = 0.408), and gestational age (p=0.118) were not significantly associated with the occurrence of LBW. MUAC was found to influence the occurrence of LBW in Kemuning Lor Village (p = 0.027). The MUAC variable accounted for 16.9% of the variance in LBW cases (R2 = 0.169). Improving the nutritional status of adolescent girls is imperative to ensure optimal health outcomes in future pregnancies.