http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/7449 2026-04-13T13:12:33Z http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/7486 Title: Direct Medical Cost Analysis of Dengue Patients: A Retrospective Study Authors: Noor Faridah, Imaniar; Lia Syahfitr, Tuty; Aditya Nugroho, Reza; Supadmi, Woro; Dania, Haafizah; Aryani Perwitasari, Dyah Abstract: Abstract Background: Dengue infection is an arboviral disease that could lead to severe illness. The incidence of severe dengue will impact patients' financial aspects. As an important clinical feature, platelet level on admission day might contribute to the direct medical cost. Objective: This study aimed to examine the direct medical cost among patients with dengue fever (DF) or dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Methods: This study was a retrospective study conducted in two private hospitals in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Participants included in this study were hospitalized patients diagnosed with DF or DHF. Data were extracted from medical records and finance departments in each hospital. Results: Among 174 dengue patients included in this study, the mean age of DHF patients (18.44 + 14.87) was lower than in DF patients (23.47 + 18.99). Patients with DHF (4.88 days) also showed prolonged hospitalization compared with DF (4.18 days) patients. In terms of medical cost, DHF patients need a higher dengue treatment cost, which is about 329.74 USD compared to 220.68 USD for DF patients in hospital 2. Mainly related to room charges, which increased by 9.48% in hospital 1 and 66.28% in hospital 2 compared with DF patients. Furthermore, DHF patients with thrombocytopenia on the first day of admission present higher medical costs in terms of laboratory fees (36.08%), medicine (18.17%), and total medical costs (9.84%). Conclusion: Severe form of dengue will contribute to economic burden. Therefore, prevention and adequate treatment are essential to reduce the prognosis of severe dengue and higher medical cost. Keywords: dengue, infection, medical cost 2022-08-31T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/7485 Title: Acute and Subchronic Toxicity of Indonesian House Dust Mites (IHDM) Allergenic Extract for Asthma Allergy Immunotherapy Authors: Setiya Budiatin, Aniek; Alif Pratama, Yusuf; Fatma Sari, Winda; Rahmadi, Mahardian; Taher, Muhammad; Amiruddin Zakaria5, Zainul; Khotib, Junaidi Abstract: Abstract Background: In developing a pharmaceutical product, it is necessary to conduct pre-clinical and clinical trials to ensure its safety and effectiveness. The toxicity test is conducted to assess the safety of a substance to determine its toxic effect of the substance. Objective: This study aims to determine the acute and subchronic toxicity of administering IHDM allergenic extract using experimental animal models. Methods: Female BALB/c mice and female and male Wistar rats were used as experimental animal models. While the IHDM allergenic extract was used with the level of Der p1 is 11.3-26.6 ng/mL and was administered by intravenous route. The acute toxicity test was carried out for 14 days on four different dose groups of experimental animals. The subchronic toxicity test was carried out for 28 days using three other dose groups of experimental animals. Results: The administration of a single dose of IHDM allergenic extract at various doses did not cause mice behaviour changes, and no death was shown in each group. Likewise, there was no change in the principal organs by macroscopic observations. Meanwhile, administering IHDM allergenic extract at repeated doses for 28 days could show signs of toxicity. The symptoms were shown in the histopathological structure of the liver, kidney, and heart organs. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the IHDM allergenic extract is safe for single-dose administration but shows toxic signs when given in repeated doses. Further tests are needed for 90 days of subchronic toxicity and satellite testing. Keywords: acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity, IHDM safety, asthma allergy, neglected disease 2022-08-31T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/7483 Title: Analysis of Antibiotic Use in COVID-19 Patients at a Hospital in Sidoarjo Authors: Kristanti, Weni; Yulia, Rika; Herawati, Fauna Abstract: Abstract Background: Antibiotics are given to COVID-19 patients to treat bacterial co-infections, but excessive and inappropriate antibiotic use can increase antibiotic resistance. Objective: The study aims to analyze the antibiotic use and bacterial susceptibility in COVID-19 patients at a hospital in Sidoarjo - East Java. Method: The research design used was a prospective cross-sectional study using data collection of sputum culture, bacterial susceptibility, medical records, and Pharmacy antibiotics usage from August to October 2021. The Research sample is moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients. Result: The results showed that in August-October 2021, 32 patients met the study sample category, where the most were men (56.25%), age range 46-55 years (31.25%), and outcome recovered as much as 81.25%. The culture results showed that only 1 (one) person out of 32 samples had bacterial growth. The only bacteria that grew in the sputum culture was Enterobacter aerogenes, susceptible to meropenem but resistant to levofloxacin. The highest quantity of antibiotics in this study was levofloxacin 71,16; meropenem 32.25; moxifloxacin 21.84 DDD/ 100 bed days. Conclusions: Most of the cases of COVID-19 occurred in men; the age range was 46-55 years, and the outcome recovered was more than those who died. Bacterial co-infection occurred in 3.12% of patients who received meropenem and levofloxacin during their hospitalization. The largest quantity of antibiotics used was levofloxacin, meropenem, and moxifloxacin. The combination of meropenem and levofloxacin should be re-evaluated because levofloxacin is resistant but still susceptible to meropenem. Keywords: COVID-19, antibiotics resistant, sputum culture, ATC/DDD methodology 2022-08-31T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/7480 Title: The ABC Analysis of Drug Use and Cost in Cardiology Outpatients - National Health Insurance Authors: Suprapti1, Budi; Yusuf, M.; Debby Saraswati, Marcha; Febriana Astuti, Selvia; Damayanti, Dewi Abstract: Abstract Background: Cardiovascular disease is one of the chronic diseases with an increasing prevalence from year to year. The results of Indonesia's basic health research (RISKESDAS 2018) showed that it was experienced by 2.9% of the population. Ensuring the continuity of drug availability is very important in pharmacy services for this patient group. The history of drug use is considered in the planning dan procurement of drug products. Objective: This study aims to analyze the drug use pattern and cost of drugs for cardiology outpatients in the National Health Insurance scheme (JKN). Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using the prescription of cardiology outpatients JKN for March-May 2021. The ABC method carried out the analysis of drug use patterns and cost. Results: From 2,986 prescriptions for cardiovascular disease, there were 94 types of drugs from 37 therapeutic classes. In the ABC analysis of drug use for class A, 68.82% contained seven types of drugs, class B, 20.55% contained nine types of drugs, and class C, 10.63% with 78 types of drugs. The results of ABC analysis for investment value (cost) of drugs class A 66.96% contained two types of drugs, class B 19.81% with four types of drugs, and class C 14.23% with 88 types of drugs. Conclusion: ABC analysis of the drug use pattern and cost/investment showed different patterns which had value to consider in procurement planning to maintain service continuity. Keywords: drug usage, cost, abc analysis, cardiovascular disease, JKN 2022-08-31T00:00:00Z