http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4940 1051-1594 2026-04-08T21:39:20Z http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5176 Title: EvaluationofProteinQualityinHumansand InsightsonStableIsotopeApproachestoMeasure Digestibility–AReview Authors: Bandyopadhyay, Sulagna; Kashyap, Sindhu; Calvez, Juliane Abstract: TherecentFoodandAgriculturalOrganization/WorldHealthOrganization/UnitedNationsUniversityexpertconsultationsonproteinrequirements andqualityhaveemphasizedtheneedforthenewDigestibleIndispensableAminoAcidScore(DIAAS),asameasureofproteinquality.Thisrequires human measurements of the true ileal digestibility of individual indispensable amino acids (IAAs) until the end of the small intestine. Digestibility is measured using standard oro-ileal balance methods, which can only be achieved by an invasive naso-ileal intubation in healthy participants or fistulationattheterminalileum.Significanteffortshavebeenmadeoverthelast2decadestodevelopnoninvasiveorminimallyinvasivemethods to measure IAA digestibility in humans. The application of intrinsically labeled (with stable isotopes like 13C, 15N, and 2H) dietary proteins has helped in circumventing the invasive oro-ileal balance techniques and allowed the differentiation between endogenous and exogenous protein. The noninvasive indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique, which is routinely employed to measure IAA requirements, has been modified to estimate metabolic availability (a sum of digestibility and utilization) of IAA in foods, but provides an estimate for a single IAA at a time and is burdensome for participants. The recently developed minimally invasive dual isotope tracer method measures small intestinal digestibility of multiple amino acids at once and is suitable for use in vulnerable groups and disease conditions. However, it remains to be validated against standard oro-ileal balance techniques. This review critically evaluates and compares the currently available stable isotope-based protein quality evaluation methods with a focus on the digestibility and metabolic availability measurements in humans. In view of building a reliable DIAAS databaseofvariousproteinsourcesandsubsequentlysupportingproteincontentclaimsinfoodlabeling,are-evaluationandharmonizationofthe availablemethodsarenecessary 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5175 Title: BodyCompositionandProstateCancerRisk: ASystematicReviewofObservationalStudies Authors: Purcell, Sarah A; POliveira, Camila L; Mackenzie, Michelle Abstract: Body composition parameters are not captured by measures of body mass, which may explain inconsistent associations between body weight and prostate cancer (PC) risk. The objective of this systematic review was to characterize the association between fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) parameters and PC risk. A search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science identified case-control and cohort studies that measured body composition in relation to PC risk. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Thirteen observational studies wereincluded,ofwhich8werecase-controlstudies(n=1572cases,n=1937controls)and5wereprospectivecohortstudies(n=7854incident caseswithPC).TheNOSscorewas5.9±1.1forcase-controlstudiesand8.4±1.3forcohortstudies.Themostcommonbodycompositiontechnique was bioelectricalimpedance analysis (n=9studies),followedby DXA(n=2), computedtomography(n=2), airdisplacement plethysmography (n= 1), and MRI (n= 1). No case-control studies reported differences in %FM between PC cases and controls and no consistent differences in FM or FFM (in kilograms) were observed. Two out of 5 cohort studies reported that higher %FM was associated with lower PC risk. Conversely, 3 cohort studies reported a greater risk of being diagnosed with advanced/aggressive PC with higher FM (expressed in kilograms, %FM, or fat distribution). Two out of 4 studies (both case-control and cohort) found that higher abdominal adipose tissue was associated with increased PC risk.Inconclusion,althoughresultswereinconsistent,thereissomeevidencethatFMmaybenegativelyassociatedwithtotalPCriskbutpositively associated with the risk of advanced/aggressive PC; modest evidence suggests that abdominal adipose tissue may increase the risk of PC. Future workshould elucidate unique patterns of FMdistributionand PC riskto triagemen at riskfordeveloping PC. Thisstudyprotocolwas registeredin theInternationalProspectiveRegisterofSystematicReviews(PROSPERO)databaseasCRD42019133388 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5174 Title: HealthEffectsofIncreasingProteinIntakeAbove theCurrentPopulationReferenceIntakeinOlder Adults:ASystematicReviewoftheHealthCouncil oftheNetherlands Authors: Hengeveld, Linda M; Goede, Janette de Abstract: Whetherolderadultsneedmoreproteinthanyoungeradultsisdebated.ThepopulationreferenceintakeforadultssetbytheEuropeanFoodSafety Authorityis0.83g/kgbodyweight(BW)/dbasedprimarilyonnitrogenbalancestudies,buttheunderlyingdataonhealthoutcomesareoutdated. AnexpertcommitteeoftheHealthCounciloftheNetherlandsconductedasystematicreview(SR)ofrandomizedcontrolledtrials(RCTs)examining theeffectofincreasedproteinintakeonhealthoutcomesinolderadultsfromthegeneralpopulationwithanaveragehabitualproteinintake≥0.8 g/(kg BW·d). Exposures were the following: 1) extra protein compared with no protein and 2) extra protein and physical exercise compared with physical exercise. Outcomes included lean body mass, muscle strength, physical performance, bone health, blood pressure, serum glucose and insulin, serum lipids, kidney function, and cognition. Data of >1300 subjects from 18 RCTs were used. Risk of bias was judged as high (n=9) or “some concerns”(n=9). In 7 of 18 RCTs, increased protein intake beneficially affected≥1 of the tested outcome measures of lean body mass. For musclestrength,thisappliedto3of8RCTsinthecontextofphysicalexerciseandin1of7RCTswithoutphysicalexercise.Fortheotheroutcomes, <30% (0–29%) of RCTs showed a statistically significant effect. The committee concluded that increased protein intake has a possible beneficial effect onleanbodymassand,whencombinedwithphysicalexercise,musclestrength;likelynoeffect onmusclestrengthwhennotcombinedwith physical exercise, or on physical performance and bone health; an ambiguouseffect on serum lipids; and that toofewRCTswereavailable to allow forconclusionsontheotheroutcomes.ThisSRprovidesinsufficientlyconvincingdatathat increasingproteininolder adultswithaproteinintake ≥0.8g/(kgBW·d)elicitshealthbenefits. AdvNutr2022;13:1083–1117 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/5173 Title: DairyConsumptionandTotalCancerand Cancer-SpecificMortality:AMeta-Analysis ofProspectiveCohortStudies Authors: Jin, Shaoyue; Je, Youjin Abstract: Theassociationbetweendairyconsumptionandcancermortalityvariesamongstudiesandremainsunclear.Thus,weconductedacomprehensive meta-analysisofprospectivecohortstudiestoexaminetheassociationbetweendairyconsumptionandtotalcancerandcancer-specificmortality. We sought eligible studies in PubMed and Web of Science databases for all publications through March 2021, and pooled RRs and 95% CIs were calculated.Weidentified34prospectivecohortstudiesincluding3,171,186participantsand88,545deaths.Comparedwithlowmilkconsumption, highmilkconsumptionwasassociatedwithhighercancermortalityinfemales(RR:1.10;95%CI:1.01,1.21)andpeopleconsuminghigh/whole-fat milk(fatcontent≥3.5%)(RR:1.17;95%CI:1.07,1.28).Increasedrisksofcancer-specificmortalityweredetectedforliver(RR:1.13;95%CI:1.02,1.26), ovarian(RR:1.32;95%CI:1.13,1.55),andprostate(RR:1.23;95%CI:1.02,1.48)cancers.Also,femaleswithhighconsumptionoffermentedmilkhad alowercancermortalityrisk(RR:0.85;95%CI:0.77,0.94).Highcheeseconsumptionwasnotassociatedwithtotalcancermortalitybutratherwith higher colorectal cancer mortality (RR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.46). There was no association between butter (RR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.70, 1.59) or total dairy product consumption (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.03) and cancer mortality. Our results imply that high milk consumption, especially high/whole-fat milk,wasassociatedwithhighercancermortality,whereasfermentedmilkconsumptionwasassociatedwithlowercancermortality,andthiswas particularlyevidentinfemales.Consequently,furtherstudiesarewarranted 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z