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Application of the Simplex Lattice Design Methode to Determine the Optimal Formula Nanoemulsion with Virgin Coconut Oil and Palm Oil

2025-06-04T04:20:05Z

Title: Application of the Simplex Lattice Design Methode to Determine the Optimal Formula Nanoemulsion with Virgin Coconut Oil and Palm Oil Authors: Fiqlyanur Isna Primadana, Pradita; Erawati, Tristiana; Rosita, Noorma; Hartini Hamdan, Siti Abstract: The success of nanoemulsion preparation is characterized by characteristics such as small droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), and % transmittance, which are close to 100%. One of these factors is the type of oil component used. The Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method can be used to determine the ratio of oil combinations to obtain an optimal nanoemulsion formula. Objective: The application of the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method can help researchers speed up the acquisition of optimal formulas without trial and error so that nanoemulsion formulas that meet specifications can be obtained. Methods: This research uses the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method with Design of Expert Version 13 software, with an upper limit value for oil (VCO and Palm Oil) of 2.66% and a lower limit value for oil (VCO and Palm Oil) of 0, which then The results of several formulas come out and characterization testing is carried out to get the best formula from the recommendations produced by the software. Results: The results of the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) showed that oil affected the droplet size and PDI (p <0.05). Six optimal formulas were obtained, and after testing in the laboratory, there was no significant difference between the results of the SLD program and those of the laboratory (Sig. <0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method is very effective. Keywords: design expert, nanoemulsion, simplex lattice design (SLD)

Formulation and Characterization of Analog Rice Using Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) and Hibiscus Flower (Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.)

2025-06-04T04:18:14Z

Title: Formulation and Characterization of Analog Rice Using Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) and Hibiscus Flower (Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.) Authors: Leniseptaria Antari, Arlita; Saraswati, Indah; Annisa, Eva; Adnia Fatma, Anfa Abstract: Efforts to reduce high-carbohydrate consumption from rice include the development of analog rice from alternative sources such as arrowroot tubers (Maranta arundinacea L.). Proper formulation is crucial for producing analog rice with optimal quality, taste, and characteristics resembling conventional rice, while maintaining functional properties to meet carbohydrate and nutritional needs. Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.), which is rich in flavonoids, saponins, and anthocyanins, can enhance these formulations. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the composition of a blend of arrowroot tubers (M. arundinacea L.) and hibiscus (H. rosa-sinensis L.) as a rice substitute. Methods: This study used 50 untrained panelists to conduct organoleptic tests on the shape, color, aroma, taste, and texture of rice and analog rice using five formulas (F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5). Furthermore, physical characteristics were tested, including the color index, 1000-grain weight, bulk density, and starch digestibility. Results: The characteristics test proved that all analog rice formulas had an average hedonic score in the range of 3.73-3.90; lower bulk Density than rice with a bulk density of 0.83 ± 0.02 g/mL; starch digestibility in the range of 0.62-0.67 g/mL; and has a yellow-red color range. Conclusion: The best and most preferred rice analog is Formula 5 (F5), with a composition of arrowroot tubers 57.8%, hibiscus 5.1%, mocaf 12.6%, GMS 0.6%, and water 23.9%. Keywords: analog rice, arrowroot tuber, formulation, hibiscus, organoleptic

Formulation and Evaluation of Transdermal Dissolving Microneedle Loaded with Ethanol Extract of Cocor Bebek Leaves (Kalanchoe pinnata)

2025-06-04T04:16:18Z

Title: Formulation and Evaluation of Transdermal Dissolving Microneedle Loaded with Ethanol Extract of Cocor Bebek Leaves (Kalanchoe pinnata) Authors: Noveriachristie Balapadang, Rachel; Divana Sarie, Aldila; Rosyidah, Safira; Zulqifli, Iqbal; Nur Akifah, Muthia; Azkia Zahra, Aliya Abstract: Acne is a chronic skin inflammation caused by blockage of the sebaceous glands in the skin and hypercolonization of the acne-causing bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Cocor bebek leaves (Kalanchoe pinnata) are known to contain various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, with antibacterial activity. Objective: In an effort to prevent side effects from using oral and topical antibiotics to treat acne, an alternative acne treatment that is safer and more effective with a strong drug delivery system is needed: microneedle patch technology containing natural ingredients. Methods: A microneedle patch formulation of Cocor bebek leaf extract was developed using a combination of HPMC and PVP polymers. The evaluation of microneedle patches included irritation tests with rat test animals and antibacterial activity tests against Propionibacterium acnes. The results showed the formation of yellow microneedle patches with uniform needles. The evaluation results showed that the microneedle patch has an irritation index value classified as non-irritant and has antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes, with the highest inhibitory diameter at an extract concentration of 30% with a moderate inhibition category. Conclusion: The microneedle patch cocor bebek leaf extract shows potential as an effective drug delivery system for the treatment of acne that is safe for use on the skin. Keywords: acne, antibacterial, cocor bebek leaves, dissolving microneedle, flavonoid

Development of an Ocular Film Containing Ofloxacin in a Chitosan Matrix

2025-06-04T04:13:31Z

Title: Development of an Ocular Film Containing Ofloxacin in a Chitosan Matrix Authors: Fauziah, Arsy; Suciati, Tri; Julianti, Elin Abstract: Chitosan is a natural polymer that is widely used in pharmaceutical applications owing to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. High molecular weight chitosan, which is commonly found in the market (Sigma Aldrich), is acid soluble and thus limits its application for ocular purposes. Objective: This study aimed to improve the characteristics of high-MW chitosan ocular films by utilizing a water-soluble, low-MW chitosan modifier for the delivery of ofloxacin post-surgery. Methods: Various film formulas were prepared using high- MW chitosan as the main polymer matrix, glycerin and polyethylene glycol 400 as plasticizers, and low-MW chitosan as film modifiers. Glycerine was the best plasticizer that produced a good film appearance when added at an appropriate ratio, 8.33 times the weight of the high MW chitosan (TGc) and 6.25 times the weight of lowand high-MW chitosan blends at (1:1) ratio (MGb). The films were further developed as TGcs and MGbs were cross-linked using sodium tripolyphosphate to control the release of ofloxacin and improve its mechanical characteristics. Water absorption capability, mechanical characteristics, in vitro drug release, and antimicrobial activity were evaluated to determine the film formula. Results: The MGb formula showed the highest water absorption (approximately 230 %), while the lowest was shown by the TGcs formula (approximately 145 %). In contrast, the TGcs formula had the highest film elasticity (141.33±8.81%), and the MGb formula had the lowest (42.55±6.11%). Surprisingly, the best controlled release of ofloxacin for up to 24 h was produced by the MGbs film, which also showed the highest antimicrobial activity. MGbs also showed moderate film characteristics, which are suitable for ocular applications. Conclusion: The research concluded that The addition of watersoluble low-MW chitosan and a cross-linker agent can improve the controlled release and characteristics of chitosan-based ocular films. Keywords: antioxidant, extraction, refrigerated storage, Smallanthus sonchifolius, stability